Chevrolet solved the problem of the red lights not being noticed on the Corvair Spyder by adding a buzzer to the system. If the engine overheated, the buzzer would sound along with the light illuminating, and you could shut down the engine before there was any damage. Most people don't look at analog gages often enough that they will catch an overheating problem that comes on suddenly. It takes less than 15 seconds for an engine to overheat, if it is the result of a broken hose, a stuck thermostat, bad water pump, etc.. Usually, when an engine starts overheating, it will have a loss of power, and it will start running rough or pinging. If it got as hot as you mentioned in your post, then I would be inclined to believe that you didn't pick up on the telltale symptoms that I mentioned.
You are also assuming that the engine is damaged, however, without fixing what was the cause of the loss of coolant, and then running the engine, you will not know the extent of the damage. Sometimes they will run well afterward, and the damage will not show until many miles down the road, in the form of a shorter service life.
Out of curiosity, when you have time, post the mileage, when the last coolant service was performed, and if any of the coolant and heater hoses on the engine are original. My suspicion would be that some of them are. A couple of years ago, there was a 1969 commercial chassis car at one of our meets. It had all original hoses on it, and one failed. The owner chose to replace only that one hose, and said that he would replace the rest of them when he got home, which was a couple hundred mile drive. I wonder to this day, if he ever changed the rest of them, or not. I can tell original hoses by the type of clamps that were used, and the markings on the hoses, short of someone meticulously changing them to look like they have never been replaced.